The character of war is evolving rapidly, driven by unprecedented technological advancements across domains. The Australian Army’s new capstone document, "The Australian Army Contribution to the National Defence Strategy, 2024," highlights the importance of adapting to this evolving landscape. As technology reshapes combat tactics, strategy, and logistics; Army must remain agile, able to integrate emerging technologies to outpace potential adversaries. To address this, Army needs to foster a culture of innovation, strengthen its partnerships with technology leaders, and invest strategically in new capabilities that ensure it remains a decisive force in an increasingly complex battlefield.

The Challenge of Accelerating Technological Advancements

The acceleration of technology in warfare encompasses advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), cyber warfare, unmanned systems, and precision weaponry. These technologies redefine how battles are fought and won, challenging traditional warfare models by increasing the speed, range, and lethality of modern conflict. AI, for instance, can provide rapid decision-making support on the battlefield, offering an edge in both offensive and defensive operations. Unmanned systems – such as drones and autonomous vehicles – offer new avenues for intelligence gathering, surveillance, and even direct engagement with enemy forces.

These advancements are valuable, but they also introduce challenges. One significant issue is the constant need for updates and training to ensure that personnel can effectively use and maintain new technology. Moreover, the risk of cyber vulnerabilities increases as Army integrates digital technologies into its infrastructure and combat systems. Without careful planning, Army risks lagging behind potential adversaries who may adopt technology even faster and with fewer regulatory constraints. This ‘red tape’ is a common restriction faced by Army, Defence, and the nation.

The Army’s Current Approach to Technological Adaptation

The capstone document underscores the Australian Army’s commitment to adapting its structure and approach in response to these technological shifts. This adaptation involves both technical upgrades and a rethinking of doctrine, training, and organisational culture. By emphasizing its role as “the integrated force’s experts in land combat”, Army demonstrates a clear awareness of its strengths and its unique position to leverage technology within the broader Australian Defence Force (ADF) framework.

To meet the demands of this accelerated technological landscape, Army must focus on three core areas: fostering a culture of innovation, establishing partnerships with technology leaders, and investing in emerging capabilities. Ultimately, Defence must set the regulatory conditions in order to allow these areas to flourish.

Fostering a Culture of Innovation

To keep pace with technological advancement, Army must foster an organisational culture that embraces experimentation, agility, and continuous learning. This culture can be cultivated by empowering all ranks to engage with new technologies, encouraging soldiers to develop problem-solving skills, and supporting innovation at every level. Programs such as “innovation cells” within units – where soldiers and officers experiment with new tech applications – would allow Army to cultivate a grassroots understanding of technology while harnessing the creativity of its personnel. The Chief of Army’s Initiatives Group is a great step in the right direction for fostering this concept. We already have a diverse range of backgrounds within the reservist environment, and by leveraging the skills these members bring with them, new methodologies can emerge.

Moreover, as the capstone document notes, Army values all ranks in the “contest of ideas”. Expanding platforms like The Cove to include more hands-on tech-focused workshops or virtual challenges could enhance this culture of innovation, allowing soldiers to contribute ideas for new tactical applications or improvements to existing systems. Through this inclusive approach, Army can leverage a diverse range of perspectives and experiences to tackle the complex challenges of modern warfare.

Strengthening Partnerships with Technology Leaders

To remain technologically competitive, Army must proactively collaborate with industry leaders, defence contractors, and academic institutions at the forefront of innovation. By partnering with leading tech companies, Army can gain early access to emerging technologies, such as advanced AI systems, robotics, and cybersecurity solutions. This early access can help Army better understand potential applications and limitations, allowing for quicker and more efficient integration.

One example of this approach is the recent partnership with Hanwha Defence Australia to develop the next generation of armoured vehicles. By working closely with companies like Hanwha, Army not only acquires new capabilities but also contributes valuable feedback, helping to shape technology in ways that best suit its operational needs. Establishing similar partnerships in AI, quantum computing, and cyber defence could position Army to stay ahead in the technology race while building robust relationships with strategic partners.

Investing in Emerging Capabilities

Finally, for Army to fully embrace technological acceleration, targeted investment in emerging capabilities is essential. These capabilities include not only cutting-edge technology but also the human resources required to operate and manage it. For instance, by increasing its investment in training programs for cyber warfare and AI, Army can ensure that its personnel have the expertise needed to exploit these new capabilities effectively.

The investment in cyber capabilities is particularly crucial as Army increasingly relies on digital networks and systems. Cyber threats from state and non-state actors pose significant risks, from data breaches to the disruption of critical command and control systems. By enhancing cybersecurity infrastructure and training specialized personnel, Army can protect itself from these threats while simultaneously developing its offensive cyber capabilities.

Additionally, Army should consider expanding its inventory of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and ground-based robotic systems, many of which have been displayed at the Chief of Army’s Symposium. These platforms offer versatility and tactical advantages, especially in reconnaissance and logistics, where they can operate in dangerous or difficult-to-reach areas. UAVs, for example, could be used to monitor vast and remote areas, providing crucial intelligence on enemy movements while minimising risk to personnel. The Army’s investment in these systems will be pivotal in enabling it to operate effectively across Australia’s varied and expansive terrain, aligning with the capstone document’s emphasis on managing the “tyranny of distance.”

Such issues have been demonstrated through breaches in border security frequently faced by border patrol on the northern and western approaches of Australia. These breaches, mostly by immigrants and fisherman, were a result of government agencies being stretched too thin over a vast area. In order to enhance our ability to protect these approaches, a series of measures can be implemented. These measures include but are not restricted to ‘Bluebottle’ drone sensors and ongoing ISR drone operations.

In the event of a conflict on our own soil, having these layered systems already in place will greatly affect our ability to deter aggressors along our boarders, as will strong inter-agency relationships across defence and the civilian sectors.

Conclusion

As the Australian Army navigates the accelerating pace of technological change, it must balance innovation with strategic foresight. By fostering a culture that values creativity and experimentation, forming strategic partnerships with technology leaders, and investing in critical capabilities, Army can stay agile and resilient in an unpredictable world. The challenges posed by technological advancement are significant, but they also present an opportunity for Army to establish itself as a leader in modern warfare; adaptable and prepared to face the demands of a new era.

In adapting to the changing character of war, Army does more than simply adopt new tools; it reshapes its core identity as a force. This approach ensures that the Australian Army remains a key contributor to national defence, capable of protecting Australia and its interests in an increasingly complex global landscape. By committing to these adaptations, Army is not only preparing for the wars of tomorrow but is also safeguarding Australia’s future on the global stage.